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The Donghak Peasant Revolution Army occupied Jeonju Castle and established local governance structures called Jippangso in 52 counties of Jeolla Province in 1894. Reforms included punishing corrupt officials and abolishing oppressive taxes.

The Gwangju Jippangso was established by leaders Son Hwa-jung and Choi Gyeong-seon, operating until December 1, 1894. The revolution escalated into a second uprising against Japanese forces after the occupation of Gyeongbokgung Palace on June 21, 1894.

Gwangju forces, led by Park Seong-dong, joined General Jeon Bong-jun's movement, engaging in significant battles. Following the revolution's disbandment, Gwangju Pastor Lee Hee-seong executed revolution leaders and collaborated with Japanese forces. The 19th Japanese Reserve Infantry Battalion subsequently massacred Donghak Peasant Revolutionary Army members throughout South Jeolla Province, with casualties estimated between 1,430 to 1,650.